Browsing: explained

In my latest posts, about tool calling, exploring how AI agents decide which tool to use and how to use it. We saw how the model…

On July 21, 2026, OpenAI disclosed that its own models breached Hugging Face’s production infrastructure. The models were not attacking a target. They were sitting an…

to understand backpropagation? If you’re trying to understand how modern AI systems like large language models (LLMs) are trained, backpropagation is one of the most important…

, I have written quite a lot about RAG, starting with the Hitchhiker’s Guide to RAG with ChatGPT API and LangChain, and then exploring various topics…

In my last post, . Tool Calling is the mechanism that allows an AI model to decide which function needs to be used and with what…

way to understand the new time-series foundation models, so I picked a recent one I could run. t0-alpha is a 102M-parameter probabilistic forecaster from The Forecasting…

about the latest technologies like large language models, Agentic AI, multimodal systems, and techniques like RAG. What are these technologies actually? How are they built? I…

In my latest post, how to get structured, machine-readable outputs as a response from an LLM, using JSON Mode, function calling, and structured outputs. In that…

With AI adoption accelerating, testing systems under adversarial conditions has become increasingly important. It enables organisations to identify vulnerabilities before deployment and strengthen overall system safety.…

as a tradeoff between memory and recall. The standard is Float32 with high fidelity and high memory cost. The basic solution is scalar quantization, which reduces…